Historical Resources

Comprehensive resource on Alan Turing's life, his foundational work in computing and codebreaking, and his lasting influence on computer science and artificial intelligence.

All About Apple Museum in Savona, Italy - one of the world's largest collections of Apple products, documenting Apple's history from its 1976 founding onward.

Encyclopedic listing of programming languages throughout computing history, maintained by the Norwegian University of Science and Technology community.

Virtual Altair Museum documenting the MITS Altair 8800 and related Pertec/iCOM microcomputers that launched the personal computer revolution in the 1970s.

American Computer and Robotics Museum in Bozeman, Montana - one of the oldest continuously operating computer museums in the world, with exhibits spanning 4,000 years of information technology.…

American Computer Science Association (ACSA), a charitable research foundation dedicated to improving technology understanding and computer science education.

Communication, Information Technologies, and Media Sociology section (CITASA) of the American Sociological Association, studying the social implications of information technology.

Anthony Beckett's PC Museum featuring a personal collection of vintage personal computers with photos and technical specifications.

Antique chip collector's resource with information about vintage integrated circuits, early microprocessors, and semiconductor history.

Apple product history site (established 1996, last updated 2015) with specifications, photos, and timelines for Macintosh, iPod, iPhone, and iPad models.

Apple Museum at bott.org tracing the history of Apple Computer from its founding through the Macintosh era, with product timelines and photographs.

EveryMac.com (established 1996), a comprehensive reference listing every Mac from 1984 through present with specifications, pricing, and identification guides.

Apple II history resource covering the pre-Apple era through the evolution of the Apple II computer line, with detailed timelines and technical documentation.

Archaic Computer Gallery showcasing a personal collection of early and unusual computing devices with photographs and historical context.

Association for Computers and the Humanities (ACH), a professional organization supporting digital humanities research and scholarship since 1978.

ACM History Committee site documenting the history of the Association for Computing Machinery, including awards, SIG histories, and oral history interviews.

Australian Computer Museum Society, preserving and exhibiting significant Australian computing artifacts and documenting the history of computing in Australia.

Bletchley Park, the UK heritage site and museum where WWII codebreakers including Alan Turing worked to decrypt Enigma and Lorenz cipher machines.

Musee Bolo at EPFL in Lausanne, Switzerland - a museum dedicated to preserving the heritage of information technology and computing history.

Bonami Spelcomputer Museum in the Netherlands, housing a collection of vintage game consoles and home computers from the 1970s through 1990s.

Museu do Computador in Sao Paulo, Brazil - a museum dedicated to preserving and exhibiting the history of computing in Brazil and worldwide.

Gordon College lecture notes providing a brief history of computer operating systems, covering batch processing, multiprogramming, and time-sharing systems.

Calcolatoria - Nicola Marras's collection documenting the history of calculating instruments from ancient times through mechanical and electronic calculators.

Vintage calculator reference site with information about collectible calculators, including HP, TI, and other manufacturers.

Calculator.org, an encyclopedic resource covering the history and encyclopedia of electronic calculators with photos and technical details.

California Digital Library finding aid for the Apple Computer Records at Stanford University, documenting Apple's corporate history from 1977-1998.

Chris Friend's personal computing museum website featuring a collection of vintage computers with photos, specifications, and historical notes.

Carnegie Mellon University Digital Collections - Allen Newell Papers, documenting the pioneering artificial intelligence researcher's work and correspondence.

Carnegie Mellon University Digital Collections - Herbert Simon Papers, preserving the archives of the Nobel laureate and AI pioneer.

CMU's Ada Project (TAP), celebrating women in computing with resources, biographies, and information about notable women in computer science and technology.

Centre for Computing History in Cambridge, UK - a hands-on museum and educational center with exhibits spanning the history of personal and home computing.

Charles Babbage Institute at the University of Minnesota, a research center dedicated to the history of information technology with extensive archives and oral histories.

Chip History Center documenting the evolution of integrated circuits and semiconductor technology, with archived videos and documentation from the industry's formative decades.

Center for the Future of Museums, Information Technology (CFMIT), exploring how technology intersects with museum practice and cultural heritage preservation.

Chronology of digital computing machines from the 1600s until 1952, compiled by Mark Brader and maintained as a reference for early computing history.

Cite des Sciences et de l'Industrie in Paris, France - Europe's largest science museum with exhibits on computing, technology, and innovation.

Early Computers collection featuring photographs and descriptions of rare computing hardware from the 1940s through the 1970s.

Computer History Simulation Project (SIMH) at trailing-edge.com, providing software simulators for historically significant computer systems.

Codes and Ciphers site covering WWII cryptography including the Colossus computer, Enigma machine, and the Lorenz cipher system at Bletchley Park.

Commodore.ca - comprehensive resource documenting the history of Commodore Business Machines, including the PET, VIC-20, C64, and Amiga computer lines.

Computermuseum der Fakultat Informatik (C-C-G) in Germany, a university computing museum preserving historic computer hardware and documentation.

Computer Collector's collection featuring vintage computers, peripherals, and computing memorabilia with photos and historical information.

CSSTC (Computer Science and Telecommunications Council) e-readiness resource documenting the early history and development of computing and telecommunications.

Computer Gaming World Museum preserving the legacy of Computer Gaming World magazine and the history of PC gaming from the 1980s onward.

Lawrence Crowl's Computer History resource with a curated collection of historical computing images and visual documentation.

Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California - the world's leading institution dedicated to preserving and presenting the history of computing and its impact on society.

SIMH - the Computer History Simulation Project providing open-source emulators for historically significant computer systems including PDP, VAX, IBM, and others.

University of Amsterdam Computer Museum (Studiecentrum) showcasing historic computing equipment from the university's collection.

Computerspielemuseum (Computer Games Museum) in Berlin, Germany - one of the world's first museums dedicated to the history of video games and interactive entertainment.

Computer-Archiv, a German-language resource documenting historic computers and computing technology with detailed technical information and photographs.