One of the earliest women to apply statistical and mathematical methods to real-world engineering problems in aviation, Cave-Brown-Cave made her most significant contributions during World War I. She analyzed airplane performance data for the Ministry of Munitions as part of aeronautics research, working to understand the relationship between aircraft design features and their performance.
Cave-Brown-Cave was a member of an all-female team of five who worked under Karl Pearson at University College London, computing statistical data in support of war-related research. The group employed early statistical methods in ways that were innovative for the time. After the war, she continued her career in civil service.